Is the International Relations Theory of Holistic Constructivism the Most Useful Theoretical Tool to Analyze the Direction of United States Foreign Policy in Recent Years, A Survey Research on Public Opinion. By Ricardo Rodamilans () Developing Models for Developing Nations: Costa Rica and Brazil's Fight Against Bio-piracy The current research paper "International Relations" is primarily purposed to explain the theory that the power wielded by nation-states in matters concerning. StudentShare. Our website is a unique platform where students can share their papers in a matter of giving an example of the work to be done International Relations Dissertation Topics (29 Examples
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We offer high-quality assignments for reasonable rates. As a field of study, international relations IR is a young discipline, international relations research paper example. Its genesis can be traced back to the period immediately following World War I. In the aftermath of the war, philanthropists, scholars, and diplomats in Europe and the United States sought an understanding of the causes of war and the means by which to promote international peace and security.
At its core, the initial study of IR was both normative and empirical. Normative IR theory seeks to provide a set of values that policymakers, diplomats, and other actors should follow in order to better the human condition.
Empirical IR theory seeks to explain the underlying causes of political events. Originally, IR had the normative desire to achieve pacific relations between states and an empirical concern with investigating the underlying causes of war and conflict.
With this narrow focus on interstate conflict, the original scholars in the field drew their theoretical insight from philosophy, history, law, international relations research paper example, and economics. Early scholars began a practice in IR of drawing on the philosophical works of Thucydides, Niccolo Machiavelli, Hugo Grotius, Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant, and others in search of a proper understanding of the causes of war and the potential for peace.
The study of past historical events was used to develop general principles that might be employed to resolve current and future conflicts.
The growing importance of international law as a tool for states would be used by IR scholars to frame theoretical approaches promoting peace and security. In the decades following World War I, departments of IR emerged in Great Britain, Switzerland, and the United States to train diplomats and policymakers and further the theoretical study of the discipline.
Although the discipline began by focusing on the causes of war and the potential for peace, the complexities of world politics and the emergence of globalizing forces throughout the 20th century expanded the scope of IR to include the study of human rights, migration, environmental cooperation, economic development, ethnic conflict, nationalism, terrorism, and international crime.
Today, IR scholars have developed sophisticated theories and models in order to study an ever-expanding set of issues and concerns. Constituting one of the main subfields in political science, IR continues to demonstrate how political power defines this growing set of issues and concerns. In the discussion that follows, the historical emergence and intellectual scope of the discipline are explored by examining the development of international relations theory throughout the 20th century as well as the broadening international relations research paper example of empirical issues analyzed by IR scholars.
Following this review, the future direction of IR is discussed. At the end of this research paper, a list of further readings is provided that introduces the reader to the themes introduced and the concepts explored. Ina wealthy Welsh industrialist by the name of David Davies provided funds to the University of Wales at Aberystwyth for the purpose of studying international relations.
After witnessing the carnage of World War I, Mr. Davies was intrigued by the ideals represented in the League of Nations and dedicated funds to endow the Woodrow Wilson Chair of International Politics with a belief that humankind could overcome war, international relations research paper example.
Sir Alfred Zimmern, a British historian, became the first scholar of international politics when he accepted the post of Wilson Chair, international relations research paper example.
His work is characteristic of early scholarship in IR and focuses on issues of economic interdependence and cooperation through international treaty law, international relations research paper example. Believing that scholars could make a difference in the world around them, Zimmern and other liberals of his time sought practical institutional solutions for the problems of conflict in the world.
This focus on institutional solutions would come to dominate early discussions in the discipline and exemplifies liberal IR theory. He had an interest in and affinity for the League of Nations as a mechanism to prevent conflict and promote prosperity and peace among states. Many of the liberal IR scholars of the time, including Alfred Zimmern and Norman Angell, were active in League affairs and accepted the political position of contemporary leaders like Woodrow Wilson, who argued that self-determination for peoples and state membership in organizations like the League could create the foundation for international cooperation and the transcendence of war as a policy of the state.
The pinnacle of liberal IR thinking that understands law as the basis for peace is the International relations research paper example Pact, international relations research paper example, an international treaty formally titled the Pact of Paris that outlaws war as a policy tool for states in the conduct of their foreign affairs.
This treaty was signed by more than 60 states and exists today as a reminder of institutional attempts to transcend conflict through international law.
By outlawing war among the signatories, the treaty established a legal basis for trying state actors who violated the provisions of the treaty. Further, the treaty provided a solid foundation for a set of international international relations research paper example limiting the use of violence in international conflict and constraining the actions of states.
For early liberal international relations scholars, the international community had the potential to use international organizations, international treaty law, international relations research paper example, and state diplomacy to solve problems. When constructed correctly, agreements negotiated by diplomats, written into law, and managed by proper organizations could resolve long-term international conflicts.
Political challenges posed by World War II and the cold war would require certain refinements to liberalism in the s, but the core belief in the possibility for change and the potential to overcome conflict still remains among liberal theorists.
Throughout the interwar period, as the period from to would come to be called, scholars concerned with a focus on institutional mechanisms to overcome interstate violence challenged liberal international relations theorists by emphasizing how enduring laws of power and the inevitable consequences of an international environment defined by a lack of a global government anarchy undermined institutional attempts to international relations research paper example peace.
Exemplified in the classic E. There had been great concern among realists that liberal scholars and diplomats had a naive interpretation of international affairs and an idealistic faith in legal and institutional solutions as a means to solving potential conflicts. Accordingly, international relations research paper example had underestimated the potential for states to dismiss their legal treaty commitments and withdraw membership from international organizations when their national interest ran contrary to that law or organization.
Realists argued that scholars needed to develop a more sophisticated understanding of the causes of war. The normative desire to prevent war, although noble, undermined a clear understanding of its causes. As IR scholars, realists insisted that scholars seek a better understanding of what caused international violence in the first place.
Writers such as E. These realists offered a vision of international politics where the potential for war required scholars and diplomats to mitigate its effects rather than seek its transcendence. According to realists, international relations research paper example, there was a set of conditions that prevented humankind from transcending war as policy. Human nature, often defined as a quest for power, and the anarchical environment limited the effectiveness of institutional solutions to prevent war.
The peace treaty that ended this European war established sovereignty as a defining principle of each state and required each state to defend against external aggression rather than rely on other states for their defense.
Sovereignty, or the principle that states have control and autonomy over their physical territory and the citizens or subjects in that territory, would come to dominate realist scholarship. During this early period of theory development, a third approach to understanding the causes of war and the mechanisms for peace was emerging as a critique of both liberal and realist international relations theory.
Emerging from the works of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and others in the last half of the 19th century, Marxian scholars introduced a radical retelling of international relations.
These scholars explored how particular class interests captured the power of the international relations research paper example and harnessed its foreign policies in order to promote their interests.
This approach challenged both liberal and realist conceptions of the state as a neutral agent with regard to the citizens or subjects within. When understood to be in the interest of the propertied or bourgeois class, the state was engaged in a policy of expansion and imperialism.
War, as state policy, could be understood as the means by which states would expand access to commodities and markets abroad. Moreover, opportunities for increased profits during war made it a profitable enterprise for the capitalist classes. Since the burden of battle was borne by the lower classes, Marxist IR scholars emphasized how war was the result of a international relations research paper example economic system.
This radical approach to IR challenges liberalism and realism in two ways. First, as a moral critique, Marxism explores how capitalism, as an economic theory, undermines the human capacity for empathy. As a basis for the economic ordering of society, capitalism results in the exploitation of certain human beings and the alienation of all human beings.
Once alienated, human beings become objects to be used just as the state might use any other weapon of war. Georg Lukacsa German philosopher writing in the early part of the 20th century, international relations research paper example, explores these moral criticisms of capitalism in History and Class Consciousness.
His examination of human alienation has been used by subsequent Marxist IR scholars to explain how modern warfare dehumanizes people. Marxism also critiques the empirical rationale for war. Because capitalism requires that markets grow, war becomes a necessity. Capitalists must employ the state in war making in order to increase international relations research paper example. After World War II, the historical trajectory of international relations was altered by two significant factors in world politics.
First, the emergence of a new international economic order, increasing global trade and financial flows among states, prompted scholars to adjust the mainstream theories of liberalism and realism. Inpolicymakers of the Allied states met at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in the United States to negotiate institutional structures to manage the postwar global economy. At the conclusion of this international conference, the states in attendance agreed to create the World Bank known originally as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Developmentthe International Monetary Fund IMFinternational relations research paper example, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade which became the World Trade Organization in These institutions, and the norms of free trade, financial transparency, monetary stability, and economic integration that uphold these institutions, offered IR scholars additional variables to study in order to understand the causes of war and the potential for peace.
In a historical context, the development of these economic institutions demonstrated the importance of the liberal economic idea international relations research paper example global peace would be enhanced if states cooperated through trade and monetary policies. Often called neoliberals, scholars have explored how states in international relations create long-term cooperative arrangements that endure throughout the decades.
Scholars such as Robert Keohane continue to study the implications of an increasingly global economic order. Their focus is on the complex web of governance rules. International governance occurs in conditions of anarchy, where government does not exist. However, even without formal government, neoliberals demonstrate how governance rules proliferate among the states in international relations and order their behavior.
It is often the case that these governance rules proliferate because international regimes have been created to enhance the cooperation among states. The term international regimes refers to sets of principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actors converge on a given issue area Krasner, These regimes exist without the need of a formal government structure. Regimes function to provide a level of ordered and predictable governance among states in international society.
An example of how regime cooperation has limited the spread of nuclear weapons follows. In addition to scholarship on international governance and the importance of regimes, neoliberal scholars have employed the shared international relations research paper example that democratic states have in maintaining liberal economic conditions to study a separate peace that appears to develop among democratic states. Scholars such as Michael Doyle have explored this democratic peace hypothesis, arguing that sovereign states with market economies, limited government, civil rights, international relations research paper example, and representative government do not go to war with each other.
This represents a direct theoretical challenge to realism. If neoliberals are correct and the type of government matters in terms of the potential for interstate peace, then the proliferation of democratic states should reduce the likelihood of war in the future. A world made up of democratic states could allow for the transcendence of interstate war as a policy possibility.
A second challenge to traditional international relations theory emerged international relations research paper example World War II with the advent of nuclear weapons and the global security threat posed by U. and Soviet hostilities during the cold war. Previous security threats involved state aggression and the proper international response to that aggression.
The threat posed by great-power nuclear weapons required scholars to imagine global nuclear annihilation. A deterrence strategy known as MAD, or mutually assured destruction, emerged among strategic studies scholars and influenced the national security strategies of both the United States and the Soviet Union. In the s, IR theorists debated the relative stability of an international system in which nuclear weapons existed as a global threat.
This, they argued, would create a level of stability in international affairs and minimize the likelihood of system-wide wars. Scholars in other traditions Bennett, ; Clancy, ; Dyson, contended that the potential for accidents or the irrational actions of one individual who did not learn the lessons of MAD could place billions of lives in peril.
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· Sample International Research Paper Summary on International Relations International Relations The relationships that exist between nations and/ or states are referred to as International blogger.comted Reading Time: 9 mins International Relations Dissertation Topics (29 Examples The paper argues that for Ghana to benefit from its economic relations with South Korea the ideational example of this East Asian state in constructing a deve
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